Lesiones de vía biliar poscolecistectomía: conducta terapéutica actual / Post Cholecystectomy Bile Duct Injuries: Current Therapeutic Option

Resumen La colecistolitiasis es una condición común en Chile. La complicación más frecuente de esta condición es la colecistitis aguda. Aproximadamente 60.000 colecistectomías son realizadas anualmente en nuestro país, convirtiéndola en una de las patologías digestivas más frecuentes. El tratamiento de la colelitiasis ha evolucionado las últimas dos décadas. Con el desarrollo de la laparoscopía a final de 1980, la colecistectomía abierta fue definitivamente sustituida en los 90 por la vía laparoscópica. Desafortunadamente, la generalización de este procedimiento produjo un aumento en la incidencia de lesiones de vía biliar, aumentando desde una 0,1-0,2% hasta un 0,5-0,7%. Si bien, con el progresivo entrenamiento de los cirujanos en la cirugía mínimamente invasiva esta cifra ha disminuido nuevamente, la LVB aún constituye una de las complicaciones más graves en cirugía, generando gran impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente, e incluso costos en salud que pueden llegar a ser devastadores. El manejo de una lesión de vía biliar es, para muchos cirujanos, un desafío quirúrgico, que para su resolución requiere de las habilidades y experiencia de un cirujano hepatobiliar y derivación a centros de salud especializados. Sin duda, la acción más importante es extremar de manera rutinaria las medidas de prevención. Sin embargo, una vez que la lesión se ha producido, el futuro del paciente depende, directamente, del buen criterio del cirujano, tanto para realizar un diagnóstico temprano, como del enfrentamiento terapéutico que realice. El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer diferentes conductas preventivas y terapéuticas cuando esta complicación se presenta.

Calculous biliary disease is a common condition in Chile. Over 60.000 cholecystectomies are performed annually, making gallstone disease one of the most common digestive health problems. The treatment of calculous biliary disease has evolved over the last 2 decades. With the development of laparoscopic technology in the late 1980s, new techniques for cholecystectomy were introduced. By the early 1990s, laparoscopic cholecystectomy had replaced open cholecystectomy in the operative management of gallbladder stone disease. Unfortunately, the widespread application of laparoscopic cholecystectomy has led to a concurrent rise in the incidence of major bile duct injuries. Reports have estimated the incidence has risen from 0.1-0.2 to 0.5-0.7%. Although, exponential training of surgeons in minimally invasive surgery has led to decrease this numbers again, bile duct injuries still constitute one of the most serious complications in surgery, generating a great impact on the patient's quality of life, and even health costs that can be devastating. The management of patients following major bile duct injurie is a surgical challenge, often requiring the skills of experienced hepatobiliary surgeons at tertiary referral centers. In this setting, the most important action is to routinely maximize prevention measures. However, once injury has occurred, patient's future depends directly on the correct judgment of the surgeon, both to make an early diagnosis and to choose the best therapeutic confrontation. The objective of this article is to present the different preventive and therapeutic options available when this complication occurs.

Desarrollo y estudio psicométrico de la Escala de Susceptibilidad al Castigo Anticipado (ESCA) / Development and psychometric study of the Susceptibility to Early Punishment Scale (SEPS)

INTRODUCCIÓN: Tomando en consideración el concepto de Susceptibilidad al Castigo de la teoría de Sensibilidad al Refuerzo de Gray y la actividad lingüística-verbal interna propia del ser humano, se propone el concepto Susceptibilidad al Castigo Anticipado (SCA) debido a que no existe ningún instrumento para evaluarlo. El Objetivo: es diseñar y estudiar la bondad de los ítems, la estructura interna y la confiabilidad la Escala de Susceptibilidad al Castigo Anticipado (ESCA). Además, se presentan datos descriptivos de la ESCA. MÉTODO: Primero se elaboraron los ítems en función de la definición del concepto, después fueron valorados por expertos. En la fase piloto se administró la versión inicial de la ESCA a 240 personas adultas con las que se realizó la depuración y primer estudio de la consistencia a partir de un Análisis Factorial Exploratorio. Posteriormente, se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio con la versión final en una muestra de 960 estudiantes universitarios, se corroboró la bondad de los ítems y se estudió la confiabilidad de la ESCA. RESULTADOS: Todos los ítems de la versión final resultaron adecuados. Se observó y corroboró en la fase final una estructura interna de tres factores (y uno de segundo orden). Los factores y la escala total mostraron adecuados valores de consistencia interna. CONCLUSIONES: La ESCA, a pesar de las limitaciones derivadas en gran parte al tratarse de un nuevo constructo, es un instrumento adecuado para evaluar la susceptibilidad al castigo anticipado en población universitaria de Michoacán (México).

INTRODUCTION: Taking into consideration the concept of Susceptibility to Punishment of Gray's Reinforcement Sensitivity theory and the internal linguistic-verbal activity of the human being, the concept of Susceptibility to Early Punishment (SEP) is proposed, because there is no instrument to evaluate it. The Objective: To Design and study the goodness of the items, the internal structure and the reliability of the Susceptibility to Early Punishment Scale (SEPS). In addition, descriptive data from SEPS are presented. METHOD: The items were first elaborated based on the definition of the concept, and were valued by experts. In the pilot phase, the initial version of the SEPS was administered to 240 adult people where information was filtered and the first study of consistency was done based on an Exploratory Factor Analysis. Subsequently, a Confirmatory Factor Analysis was performed with the final versión of the scale, in a sample of 960 university students. The goodness of the items was corroborated, and the reliability of the SEPS was studied. RESULTS: All the items of the final version were adequate; an internal structure of three factors (and one of the second order) was observed and corroborated in the final phase. The factors and the full scale revealed adequate internal consistency values. CONCLUSIONS: The SEPS, despite the limitations derived largely from being a new construct, is an adequate instrument to assess the susceptibility to early punishment in the university population of Michoacan (Mexico).

Documento de consenso para la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria multimodal en procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos. Fundamentos básicos / Consensus document for multimodal intraoperatory neurophisiological monitoring in neurosurgical procedures. Basic fundamentals

El presente trabajo pretende establecer una guía de actuación consensuada entre anestesiólogos y neurofisiólogos para realizar una monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria efectiva en procedimientos tanto neuroquirúrgicos, como en aquellos en los que existe un riesgo de lesión neurológica funcional. En la primera parte, se describen las principales técnicas utilizadas en la actualidad para la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria. En segundo lugar, se describen los factores anestésicos y no anestésicos que pueden afectar al registro eléctrico de las estructuras del sistema nervioso. Posteriormente, se analizan los efectos adversos de las técnicas más comunes derivados de su utilización. Y, por último, se describen las diferentes pautas a seguir tras la aparición de los diferentes eventos clínicos intraoperatorios.(AU)

The present work aims to establish a guide to action, agreed by anaesthesiologists and neurophysiologists alike, to perform effective intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for procedures presenting a risk of functional neurological injury, and neurosurgical procedures. The first section discusses the main techniques currently used for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The second exposes the anaesthetic and non-anaesthetic factors that are likely to affect the electrical records of the nervous system structures. This section is followed by an analysis detailing the adverse effects associated with the most common techniques and their use. Finally, the last section describes a series of guidelines to be followed upon the various intraoperative clinical events.(AU)

Consensus document for multimodal intraoperatory neurophisiological monitoring in neurosurgical procedures. Basic fundamentals. / Documento de consenso para la monitorización neurofisiológica intraoperatoria multimodal en procedimientos neuroquirúrgicos. Fundamentos básicos.

The present work aims to establish a guide to action, agreed by anaesthesiologists and neurophysiologists alike, to perform effective intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring for procedures presenting a risk of functional neurological injury, and neurosurgical procedures. The first section discusses the main techniques currently used for intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring. The second exposes the anaesthetic and non-anaesthetic factors that are likely to affect the electrical records of the nervous system structures. This section is followed by an analysis detailing the adverse effects associated with the most common techniques and their use. Finally, the last section describes a series of guidelines to be followed upon the various intraoperative clinical events.

Updating the evidence for an association between anxiety and risk of Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

OBJECTIVES: Anxiety is postulated to be a modifiable risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our primary aim was to conduct a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies investigating the association between anxiety and AD risk. DESIGN: We searched multiple scientific databases to identify relevant papers published up to March 2019. Inclusion criteria were: prospective cohort studies with a minimum follow-up period of 1 year, baseline anxiety assessment, absence of dementia at baseline, investigated the association between anxiety and AD incidence, and reporting Relative Risks (RRs), or equivalents (HRs and SHRs), for the association between anxiety and AD risk. We excluded studies that: focused on subjective memory or mild cognitive impairment samples, review and meta-analyses, not reporting original, published peer-reviewed results. We used a random-effects model that accommodated the differences in association statistics. RESULTS: 7 prospective cohorts (reported in 6 studies), with a total of 24,528 participants, were included in our meta-analysis. A marginally significant association between anxiety and AD risk was found, with a pooled RR of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.00-2.12), and a population attributable fraction for AD of 2.8% (95% CI: 1.2%-4.3%). LIMITATIONS: There was a high level of heterogeneity across the studies, which may be associated with differences in the covariates adjusted for. Studies also differed considerably in how they measured anxiety. CONCLUSION: Anxiety is marginally associated with an increased risk of AD in this meta-analysis. Future research is needed to determine the extent to which anxiety might be a cause of AD rather than a prodrome or marker.

Enhancing biohydrogen production from Agave tequilana bagasse: Detoxified vs. Undetoxified acid hydrolysates.

The aim of this work was to compare the biohydrogen production potential of undetoxified and detoxified acid hydrolysates from A. tequilana bagasse. Detoxification was carried out with activated carbon at different concentrations and pH values. Results indicated that pH was not a significant variable, while the lowest evaluated concentration of activated carbon (1% p/v) significantly promoted the highest removal of acetic acid (89%) with minimal losses of fermentable sugars. Regarding dark fermentation experiments, central composite designs were used to optimize COD and pH variables for both substrates, undetoxified and detoxified hydrolysates (activated carbon 1% p/v and pH 0.6). At optimal conditions, the detoxified hydrolysate produced 33% more biohydrogen than the undetoxified one. Hydrogen molar yields were 1.71 and 1.23 mol H2/molsugar, respectively. This improvement was correlated to changes in metabolic byproducts, since the detoxified hydrolysate produced only acetic and butyric acids, while lactic acid was detected in the undetoxified hydrolysate.

Phylogeny determines flower size-dependent sex allocation at flowering in a hermaphroditic family.

In animal-pollinated hermaphroditic plants, optimal floral allocation determines relative investment into sexes, which is ultimately dependent on flower size. Larger flowers disproportionally increase maleness whereas smaller and less rewarding flowers favour female function. Although floral traits are considered strongly conserved, phylogenetic relationships in the interspecific patterns of resource allocation to floral sex remain overlooked. We investigated these patterns in Cistaceae, a hermaphroditic family. We reconstructed phylogenetic relationships among Cistaceae species and quantified phylogenetic signal for flower size, dry mass and nutrient allocation to floral structures in 23 Mediterranean species using Blomberg's K-statistic. Lastly, phylogenetically-controlled correlational and regression analyses were applied to examine flower size-based allometry in resource allocation to floral structures. Sepals received the highest dry mass allocation, followed by petals, whereas sexual structures increased nutrient allocation. Flower size and resource allocation to floral structures, except for carpels, showed a strong phylogenetic signal. Larger-flowered species allometrically allocated more resources to maleness, by increasing allocation to corollas and stamens. Our results suggest a major role of phylogeny in determining interspecific changes in flower size and subsequent floral sex allocation. This implies that flower size balances the male-female function over the evolutionary history of Cistaceae. While allometric resource investment in maleness is inherited across species diversification, allocation to the female function seems a labile trait that varies among closely related species that have diversified into different ecological niches.

Phylogenetic and paleobotanical evidence for late Miocene diversification of the Tertiary subtropical lineage of ivies (Hedera L., Araliaceae).

BACKGROUND: Hedera (ivies) is one of the few temperate genera of the primarily tropical Asian Palmate group of the Araliaceae, which extends its range out of Asia to Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic results suggested Asia as the center of origin and the western Mediterranean region as one of the secondary centers of diversification. The bird-dispersed fleshy fruits of ivies suggest frequent dispersal over long distances (e.g. Macaronesian archipelagos), although reducing the impact of geographic barriers to gene flow in mainland species. Genetic isolation associated with geographic barriers and independent polyploidization events have been postulated as the main driving forces of diversification. In this study we aim to evaluate past and present diversification patterns in Hedera within a geographic and temporal framework to clarify the biogeographic history of the genus. RESULTS: Phylogenetic (biogeographic, time divergence and diversification) and phylogeographic (coalescence) analyses using four DNA regions (nrITS, trnH-psbA, trnT-trnL, rpl32) revealed a complex spatial pattern of lineage divergence. Scarce geographic limitation to gene flow and limited diversification are observed during the early-mid Miocene, followed by a diversification rate increase related to geographic divergence from the Tortonian/Messinian. Genetic and palaeobotanical evidence points the origin of the Hedera clade in Asia, followed by a gradual E-W Asian extinction and the progressive E-W Mediterranean colonization. The temporal framework for the E Asia - W Mediterranean westward colonization herein reported is congruent with the fossil record. Subsequent range expansion in Europe and back colonization to Asia is also inferred. Uneven diversification among geographic areas occurred from the Tortonian/Messinian onwards with limited diversification in the newly colonized European and Asian regions. Eastern and western Mediterranean regions acted as refugia for Miocene and post-Miocene lineages, with a similar role as consecutive centers of centrifugal dispersal (including islands) and speciation. CONCLUSIONS: The Miocene Asian extinction and European survival of Hedera question the general pattern of Tertiary regional extinction of temperate angiosperms in Europe while they survived in Asia. The Tortonian/Messinian diversification increase of ivies in the Mediterranean challenges the idea that this aridity period was responsible for the extinction of the Mediterranean subtropical Tertiary flora. Differential responses of Hedera to geographic barriers throughout its evolutionary history, linked to spatial isolation related to historical geologic and climatic constraints may have shaped diversification of ivies in concert with recurrent polyploidy.

Is floral morphology a good predictor of floral visitors to Antirrhineae (snapdragons and relatives)?

The association between plants and flower visitors has been historically proposed as a main factor driving the evolutionary change of both flower and pollinator phenotypes. The considerable diversity in floral morphology within the tribe Antirrhineae has been traditionally related to pollinator types. We used empirical data on the flower visitors from 59 Antirrhineae taxa from the literature and our own field surveys, which provide an opportunity to test whether flower phenotypes are reliable predictors of visitors and pollinator niches. The degree of adjustment between eight key floral traits and actual visitors was explored by testing the predictive value of inferred pollinator syndromes (i.e. suites of floral traits that characterise groups of plant species related to pollination). Actual visitors and inferred pollinator niches (categorisation of visitors' association using a modularity algorithm) were also explored using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). The bee pollinator niche is correctly classified for flowers with dull corolla colour, without nectar guides, as the most important predictor. Both predictive value and statistical classification prove useful in classifying Antirrhineae taxa and the bee pollinator niche, mostly as a consequence of the high proportion of genera and taxa with occluded corollas primarily visited by bees. Our predictive approach rendered a high Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of floral traits in the diagnosis of visitors/pollinator niches. In particular, a high PPV was found for bees as both visitors and forming pollinator niches. In addition, LDA showed that four pollinator niches are well defined based on floral traits. The large number of species visited by bees irrespective of pollinator syndromes leads us to hypothesise their generalist pollinator role, despite the phenotypically specialised flowers of Antirrhineae.

Burden of serious fungal infections in Guatemala.

Guatemala is a developing country in Central America with a high burden of HIV and endemic fungal infections; we attempted to estimate the burden of serious fungal infections for the country. A full literature search was done to identify epidemiology papers reporting fungal infections from Guatemala. We used specific populations at risk and fungal infection frequencies in the population to estimate national rates. The population of Guatemala in 2013 was 15.4 million; 40% were younger than 15 and 6.2% older than 60. There are an estimated 53,000 adults with HIV infection, in 2015, most presenting late. The estimated cases of opportunistic fungal infections were: 705 cases of disseminated histoplasmosis, 408 cases of cryptococcal meningitis, 816 cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia, 16,695 cases of oral candidiasis, and 4,505 cases of esophageal candidiasis. In the general population, an estimated 5,568 adult asthmatics have allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) based on a 2.42% prevalence of asthma and a 2.5% ABPA proportion. Amongst 2,452 pulmonary tuberculosis patients, we estimated a prevalence of 495 for chronic pulmonary aspergillosis in this group, and 1,484 for all conditions. An estimated 232,357 cases of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis is likely. Overall, 1.7% of the population are affected by these conditions. The true fungal infection burden in Guatemala is unknown. Tools and training for improved diagnosis are needed. Additional research on prevalence is needed to employ public health measures towards treatment and improving the reported data of fungal diseases.

Vigilancia de la calidad del agua para consumo humano en Colombia: desafíos para la salud ambiental / Surveillance of drinking water quality in Colombia: challenges for environmental health / Vigilância da qualidade da água para consumo humano na Colômbia: desafios para a saúde ambiental

Objetivo: analizar las experiencias de las autoridades de salud en el ejercicio de la vigilancia del agua de consumo en Colombia, para comprender sus fortalezas y dificultades. Metodología: La investigación se realizó a través de un estudio cualitativo de los componentes de estructura, procesos y resultados del programa de vigilancia. Se construyó un cuestionario mediante la metodología Delphi, aplicado a los coordinadores de la vigilancia en 12 municipios y 27 departamentos. Resultados: se obtuvieron mediante la metodología de análisis de contenido, identificando 3 temáticas relevantes que influyen en la implementación de la vigilancia, entre ellos la descentralización, limitaciones en el recurso humano y la aplicación de las herramientas de evaluación del riesgo. Discusión: el programa de vigilancia en Colombia requiere el fortalecimiento de la rectoría, la capacidad de gestión de los territorios, el establecimiento de una efectiva descentralización y fortalecimiento de la gobernanza, además de instaurar mecanismos que regulen la problemática de recurso humano y evalúen las herramientas de análisis de riesgo y sus resultados.

Objective: to analyze the experiences of health authorities in the exercise of surveillance of drinking water quality in Colombia, with the aim of understanding the strengths and difficulties of its implementation. Methodology: the research was conducted through a qualitative study of the components of structure, processes and results of the surveillance program. A questionnaire was built using the Delphi methodology and applied to surveillance coordinators in 12 municipalities and 27 departments. Results: The results were obtained through the content analysis methodology, and three relevant issues affecting the implementation of surveillance were identified, namely: decentralization, limitations in human resources and the application of risk assessment tools. Discussion: the surveillance program in Colombia requires stronger stewardship, management capacity in the territories, the establishment of effective decentralization measures and the strengthening of governance in addition to establishing mechanisms to regulate the problem of human resources and to assess risk analysis tools and their results.

Objetivo: analisar as experiências das autoridades da saúde na aplicação da vigilância da água para consumo na Colômbia, visando compreender assuas fortalezas e dificuldades. Metodologia: A pesquisa se realizou através de um estudo qualitativo dos componentes da estrutura, dos processos e dos resultados da vigilância. Construiu-se um questionário com metodologia Delphi, aplicado aos coordenadores da vigilância em 12 municípios e em 27 departamentos. Resultados: foram obtidos por meio da metodologia de análise de conteúdo, identificando 3 temáticas relevantes na realização da vigilância: a descentralização, as limitações de recursos humanos e as aplicações das ferramentas de avalição do risco. Discussão: No programa de vigilância na Colômbia precisase o fortalecimento da reitoria, da capacidade de gestão dos territórios, o estabelecimento de uma descentralização efetiva e o fortalecimento da governança. Além disso, precisa mecanismos para regulamentar os problemas de recursos humanos e para avaliar as ferramentas de análise de riscos e seus resultados.

Carcinoma de células escamosas primario del páncreas / Squamous cell carcinoma primary of the pancreas

Background: Squamous cells are usually not present in the pancreas. Therefore, primary squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas (SCCP) is an extremely rare tumor. Case report: We report two cases of SCCP. Case 1: A 77 years-old woman was admitted for upper gastrointestinal bleeding. MDCT scan and endoscopic biopsy showed a carcinoma of the pancreatic head. She underwent a Whipple procedure and definitive biopsy revealed a SCCP. She died 9 years after surgery due to an unrelated disease. To our knowledge, this is the longest survival reported. Case 2: A 63 years-old man was admitted for jaundice. Work-up revealed a pancreatic head mass and liver metastasis. He underwent a palliative double bypass surgery and chemotherapy. Intraoperative biopsy revealed a SCCP. The patient is still alive at 8 months follow-up. Conclusion: Differential diagnoses of pancreatic cancer include SCCP. Long-term survival can be achieved if an early diagnosis and treatment are performed.

Introducción: Las células escamosas habitualmente no están presentes en el páncreas. Por lo tanto, el carcinoma de células escamosas primario del páncreas (CCEP) es un tumor extremadamente raro. Caso clínico: Presentamos dos casos de CCEP. Caso 1 : Una paciente de 77 años consulta por hemorragia digestiva alta. El estudio con tomografía computada de abdomen y biopsias endoscópicas revelaron un carcinoma de la cabeza pancreática. Se realiza operación de Whipple con intención curativa y la biopsia definitiva fue diagnóstica de un CCEP. La paciente fallece 9 años después de la cirugía debido a una enfermedad no relacionada, siendo actualmente la mayor sobrevida reportada en la literatura. Caso 2: Un hombre de 63 años consulta por ictericia y dolor abdominal. El estudio con imágenes revela una masa en la cabeza pancreática en conjunto con múltiples metástasis hepáticas. Se realiza una doble derivación biliar y digestiva con intención paliativa, junto con quimioterapia. Las biopsias intraoperatorias revelaron un CCEP. El paciente permanece vivo a los 8 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico diferencial del cáncer pancreático incluye el CCEP. Es posible lograr sobrevida a largo plazo en caso de diagnóstico y tratamiento en forma oportuna.

Eficacia y durabilidad de la electroestimulación percutánea del nervio tibial posterior en el tratamiento de la vejiga hiperactiva idiopática con procedimiento enfermero asociado / No disponible

El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la respuesta a la electroestimulación percutánea del nervio tibial posterior (PTNS), en un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico de vejiga hiperactiva y determinar cuándo se debe reiniciar un nuevo tratamiento. Se presenta una cohorte retrospectiva de 53 mujeres, de edades comprendidas entre 30 y 82 años, con una media de 61,5 años. Todas fueron sometidas a estudios urodinámicos antes y después del tratamiento, realizados de acuerdo a las recomendaciones de la Sociedad Internacional de Continencia (ICS).Paralelamente se diseñó y realizó un procedimiento enfermero a lo largo de todas las sesiones del tratamiento, orientado a la enseñanza de ejercicios y técnicas conductuales para el control voluntario de la micción. Se ha utilizado el programa SPSS 15.0 para el tratamiento estadístico de los datos, llegando a la conclusión de que la PTNS es segura, efectiva y una buena opción en pacientes con vejiga hiperactiva refractaria al tratamiento médico o con intolerancia al mismo y que el tratamiento debería reiniciarse después de 24 meses. La tasa de pacientes con reducción superior al 50% en los episodios de micción fue mayor que el reportado por otros autores. Los conocimientos adquiridos por medio del procedimiento enfermero utilizado ayudan a mantener la mejoría, aunque se ha observado que después de un tiempo se relajan estos hábitos (AU)

The purpose of this study is to assess the answer to the (PTNS) for a group of patients diagnosed with, determining the optimal timing for reinitiating a new treatment plan. This retrospective cohort study included a total of 53 patients (range 30-82 years; median age 61.5 years), with an age range from 30 to 82 years; with an median age of 61.5 years. They underwent urodynamic studies before and after the treatment, conducted in accordance with the recommendations set forth by the International Continence Society (ICS). Simultaneously a nursing procedure was designed and performed all along the sessions of the treatment, oriented towards training exercises and behavioural techniques for voluntary control of urination. Patients with > 50% reduction in episodes of urination were higher than those reported by other authors. Knowledge gained throughout the Nursing procedure help to maintain improvement, although it has been observed that these habits get relaxed after some time (AU)

¿Existe un aumento de los nacimientos en Chile en el período 2000-2009?: análisis de los principales indicadores materno-infantiles de la década / Trend in annual live birth in Chile between 2000 and 2009

Objetivo. Describir la tendencia en los nacimientos y los principales indicadores materno-infantiles en Chile desde el año 2000 al 2009. Método. Se realiza un análisis descriptivo de la información obtenida desde el Ministerio de Salud de Chile para el período estudiado. Resultados. Durante el período estudiado nacen aproximadamente 2.400.000 personas, se observa un significativo aumento en su número a partir del año 2004 al 2009 (+9,7 por ciento). Las tasas de mortalidad neonatal precoz, tardía, post neonatal e infantil fueron de 3,86; 1,18; 2,54 y 7,58 por 1000 nacidos vivos durante el año 2009, presentado un porcentaje de disminución de un 13,5; 8,4; 16,2; 13,7 por ciento respectivamente en comparación al año 2000. La mortalidad materna disminuyó en un 13,2 por ciento desde 19,7 a 17,1 por cien mil nacimientos en el mismo período. La prematurez (<37s) incrementa significativamente en un 20,82 por ciento (de 5,96 a 7,2 por ciento). El mayor cambio se observa entre las 32-33 y 34-36 semanas (aumento de un 18 por ciento y 32 por ciento, respectivamente). El porcentaje de nacimientos múltiples (dos) aumento significativamente en un 11 por ciento, desde 1,66 a 1,84 por cien nacimientos. Conclusión. Durante el período estudiado se observa un aumento significativo de los nacimientos totales, del porcentaje de primigestas y de madres sobre 40 años. Se presenta un aumento de la prematurez, del bajo peso al nacer y del porcentaje de embarazos múltiples. Los cambios observados se asocian aun a una mejoría de los indicadores neonatales.

Objective. To describe the trend in annual live birth in Chile between 2000 and 2009, as well as the main descriptive statistics and health indicators associated. Methods. We performed a descriptive analysis form the database provided by the Department of Statistics and Information of the Chilean Ministry of Health. Data of 2.400.000 deliveries were analyzed from 2000 and 2009. We analyzed live births, maternal, fetal, infant mortality, as well as main descriptive characteristics by year. Results. The total of live births in Chile has progressively increased after the year 2005 until 2009 (+ 9.7 percent). The early neonatal, late neonatal, post neonatal mortality and mortality infant were 3.86, 1.18, 2.54 and 7.58 per 1000 live births in 2009, showing a decrease of 13.5; 8.4; 16.2; 13.7 percent respectively compared to 2000. Maternal mortality declined a 13.2 percent from 19.7 to 17.1 x 100.000 births in the same period. Prematurity (<37weeks) increased significantly in a 20.82 percent (5.96 percent to 7.2 percent). The biggest change is observed at late preterm birth 32-33 and 34-36 weeks (increase of 18 percent and 32 percent respectively). The rate of multiple births (two) significantly increased also in a 11 percent, from 1.66 to 1.84 x 100.000 birth. Conclusion. During the study period, a significant increase of total births, the percentage of primipare and mothers over 40 years was observed. It's also shown an increase in prematurity, low birth weight and the percentage of multiple pregnancies. The observed changes are associated with improved neonatal indicators.

Necrosectomía laparoscópica en pancreatitis aguda / Laparoscopic necrosectomy in severe pancreatitis: retrospective analysis of 11 patients

Background: Laparoscopic surgery can be used in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis. Aim: To report the experience with laparoscopic necrosectomy and abscess drainage in severe acute pancreatitis. Material and Methods: Retrospective analysis of medical records of 11 patients aged 13 to 78 years (10 males), with severe pancreatitis, subjected to laparoscopic necrosectomy or abscess drainage between 2006 and 2009. Results: Operative time ranged from 110 to 205 min. In all cases, a satisfactory necrosectomy and collection drainage were performed. No complications were recorded and no patient required to be converted to open surgery. Five patients were reoperated. In three of these, the laparoscopic approach was used again. Conclusions: Laparoscopic necrosectomy is safe and useful for patients with severe pancreatitis.

Introducción: La pancreatitis aguda grave, asociada a necrosis pancreática infectada, tiene una elevada mortalidad. En la mayoría de los casos, el tratamiento es quirúrgico, sin embargo, este se asocia a una alta morbilidad. El desarrollo de la cirugía mínimamente invasiva ha permitido incorporar la técnica laparoscópica al tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Objetivo: Presentar nuestra experiencia en necrosectomía y drenaje de abscesos por vía laparoscópica en pacientes con pancreatitis aguda grave. Pacientes y Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda grave con necrosis infectada y/o abscesos sometidos a necrosectomía y drenaje de abscesos por vía laparoscópica. Se describen los datos demográficos, etiología de la pancreatitis aguda, imágenes pre y post-operatorias, así como los detalles de cada cirugía, la indicación quirúrgica, complicaciones, necesidad de re-operaciones y evolución tardía. Resultados: La serie está compuesta por 11 pacientes, todos con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda grave, operados entre abril de 2006 y junio de 2009. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 138 min (110-205 min). En todos los casos, se realizó una necrosectomía satisfactoria y drenaje de colecciones. No hubo complicaciones derivadas de la técnica laparoscópica ni conversión a cirugía abierta en ningún paciente durante la primera cirugía. Cinco pacientes fueron re-operados, 3 de ellos por vía laparoscópica. Conclusiones: La necrosectomía laparoscópica es una alternativa válida y disponible en nuestro centro, con resultados comparables y probablemente superiores a la cirugía abierta, y con resultados satisfactorios en cuanto a morbilidad, protección de la pared abdominal y mortalidad postoperatoria.

Quilopericardio secundario a cirugía cardiovascular / Chylopericardium secondary to cardiovascular surgery

El quilopericardio constituye una complicación rara de la cirugía de defectos cardíacos congénitos. Es causada por la obstrucción mecánica del drenaje del conducto torácico o sus tributarios linfáticos en la vena subclavia o por daño quirúrgico. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de dos meses de vida con diagnóstico de ventrículo izquierdo hipoplásico, en quien se encontró quilopericardio posterior a dos intervenciones quirúrgicas, y recibió tratamiento exitoso con drenaje pericárdico y sustitución de las grasas de la dieta por triglicéridos de cadena media.

Chylopericardium is a rare complication after congenital heart disease surgery. It is caused by mechanical obstruction of the thoracic duct drainage or its lymphatic tributaries to the subclavian vein or by direct surgical injury. We report the case of a two month-old boy with hypoplastic left ventricle diagnosis who developed chylopericardium secondary to two cardiac surgeries and who underwent a successful pericardial drainage procedure. Dietary fats were substituted by medium chain triglycerides.

Intususcepción intestinal posterior a bypass gástrico en Y de Roux / Intussusception after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass causing bowel obstruction: report of one case

We report a 41 years old female who underwent a gastric bypass 10 years ago. She presented an excess weight loss of 114 percent. She required a cholecystectomy and another surgical procedure due to an internal hernia. The patient complained of recurrent abdominal pain and an abdominal computed tomography showed an intestinal intussusception located at the jejuno-jejuno anastomosis. She was operated and the diagnosis was confirmed. An enlargement of the biliopancreatic loop and a bezoar were also found. A 15 cm intestinal resec-tion of the enlarged portion of the biliopancreatic loop and a new jejuno-jejuno anastomosis were performed. The patient recovered uneventfuUy and was discharged on the fourth postoperative day. The occurrence of intestinal intussusception as a cause of intestinal obstruction after gastric bypass is rare. It has been reported after open and laparoscopic surgery. There are several theories about the cause of intussusceotion, like changes in intestinal motility, a high excess weight loss, but a conclusive cause has not been identified. Generally the location of the intussusceptions is at the jejuno-jejuno anastomosis and it appears to be in a retrograde fashion in the majority of cases. The treatment is controversial, with several options; simple reduction, reduction and intestinal fixation, but apparently intestinal resection has better results.

Reportamos el caso de una paciente con antecedente de un bypass gástrico hace 10 años, que presentó una pérdida del exceso de peso de 114 por ciento. Posteriormente se realizó una colecistectomía y cirugía por hernia interna. Debido a cuadros de dolor abdominal a repetición fue estudiada con una tomografía computada de abdomen que demostró una intususcepción intestinal a nivel de la entero-entero anastomosis. La paciente fue intervenida, se confirmó el diagnóstico y se encontró también una dilatación del asa biliopancreática y un bezoar. Se realizó una resección intestinal del asa biliopancreática de 15 cms y anastomosis yeyuno-yeyunal, con buena evolución postoperatoria y alta a los 4 días de la cirugía. La intususcepción intestinal posterior a un bypass gástrico es poco frecuente como causa de obstrucción intestinal y ha sido descrita luego de cirugía abierta y laparoscópica. No existe una explicación definitiva para su patogenia. Presenta algunas características particulares como producirse en la mayoría de los casos en relación a la entero-entero anastomosis y ser una intususcepción retrograda. Su tratamiento es controversial, existiendo varias alternativas; reducción simple, reducción y fijación del asa comprometida, pero aparentemente la resección intestinal tendría mejores resultados, con menor frecuencia de recurrencia.

Tratamiento quirúrgico en hepatocarcinoma: experiencia preliminar / Surgical treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma: preliminary experience

Background: The hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main primary liver tumour and is a major health problem worldwide, it is the fifth most common cancer in the world, as only 10 percent to 20 percent are resectable and the natural progression of the disease presents an ominous prognosis with lower overall survival of less than nine months. The aim of this paper is to analyze the results of the surgical alternatives of HCC in our center. Patients and Methods: Analysis of the prospective database of all patients with HCC under-going surgical treatment between 2003 and 2008 in terms of surgical technique (liver transplantation, liver resection and radiofrequency ablation surgery), surgical margins, complications, tumour recurrence and survival. Results: The series was 38 patients, 23 women, median age 65 years (41-82 years), were early and late complications in six patients (15.8 percent) respectively. The cumulative survival of all patients undergoing to surgical treatment was 86 percent, 76 percent and 65 percent foryear 1, 2, 3 postoperative respectively. According technique: 14 patients underwent liver transplantation, liver resection in eight patients, 15 patients with radiofrequency ablation and a patient with resection and surgical radiofrequency. Discussion: The surgical treatment of HCC in our series presented promising results in terms of survival globally and for each surgical option used. Thus the surgical treatment of HCC is beneficial in selected patients in terms of surgical complications and survival.

Introducción: El carcinoma hepatocelular (HCC) es el principal tumor hepático primario y es una importante causa de muerte a nivel mundial y nacional, ya que sólo el 10 por ciento a 20 por ciento es resecable y la evolución natural de la enfermedad presenta un pronóstico ominoso con bajas sobrevidas, en general menores a los nueve meses. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los resultados de las distintas alternativas quirúrgicas del HCC en nuestro centro. Pacientes y método: Análisis de la base de datos prospectiva de todos los pacientes con HCC sometidos a tratamiento quirúrgico durante los años 2003 a 2008 en términos de técnica quirúrgica (trasplante hepático, resección hepática y ablación por radiofrecuencia quirúrgica), bordes quirúrgicos, complicaciones, recidiva tumoral y sobrevida. Resultados: La serie fue de 38 pacientes, 23 mujeres, mediana de edad de 65 años (41-82 años), se presentaron complicaciones tempranas y tardías en seis pacientes (15,8 por ciento) respectivamente. La sobrevida acumulada de todos los casos sometidos a los distintos tratamientos quirúrgicos fue 86 por ciento, 76 por ciento y 65 por ciento al año 1, 2, 3 postoperatorio respectivamente. Según técnica: 14 pacientes fueron sometidos a trasplante hepático, ocho pacientes a resección hepática, 15 pacientes a ablación por radiofrecuencia quirúrgica y un paciente a resección más radiofrecuencia quirúrgica. Discusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico del HCC en nuestra serie presentó promisorios resultados en términos de sobrevida al analizarlo tanto globalmente como por cada una de las alternativas quirúrgicas utilizadas. Así el tratamiento quirúrgico del HCC es beneficioso en pacientes seleccionados en término de complicaciones quirúrgicas y sobrevida.

Metástasis hepática de origen no colorrectal ni neuroendocrino: tratamiento quirúrgico / Surgical excision of non colorectal liver metastases

Background: The benefits of hepatic resections for colorectal liver metastases are well known. This is not the case for excisions in the treatment of non-colorectal, non neuroendocrine liver metastases. Aim: To assess the results of liver resection in the treatment of patients with non-colorectal, non neuroendocrine liver metastases. Material and Methods: Electronic database analysis of patients with noncolorectal non-endocrine liver metastases undergoing to hepatectomy between 2000-2009. Results: Seventeen patients aged 22 to 78 years, nine women, were operated. The most common primary tumors were stomach, liver, adrenal glands and uterus. In two cases, a synchronic primary tumor and metßstasis excision was performed. Anatomic seg-mentectomy was performed in 10 cases (58.8 percent) and a mayor surgical resection in 7 patients (41.2 percent). In 15 cases (88.2 percent) the tumor margins were negative. Three patients presented postoperative complications and three patients had hepatic tumor recurrence. No patient died in the peri-operative period. One, two and three years survival were 85, 51 and 51 percent respectively, after a follow-up ranging from 9 to 56 months. Conclusions: The surgical treatment of patients with non-colorectal non-endocrine liver metastases is safe and beneficial in selected patients, with a low rate of complications and good survival rates.

Introducción: Existe un claro beneficio en el tratamiento quirúrgico de las metástasis hepáticas de origen colorrectal y neuroendocrinas; sin embargo, todavía no está bien definida la efectividad de la resección quirúrgica en tumores de origen diferente a los anteriores. El objetivo del presente estudio es dar a conocer los resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico en este grupo de pacientes. Pacientes y Método: Análisis de la base de datos electrónica de los pacientes con metástasis hepáticas de origen no colorrectal ni neuroendocri-na que fueron sometidos a resección hepática en nuestro centro entre los años 2000-2009. Resultados: La serie estuvo constituida por 17 pacientes, nueve mujeres, mediana de edad de 51 años (rango, 22-78). Los principales sitios de origen del tumor primario fueron estómago, hígado, glándulas suprarrenales y útero. En dos casos se realizó cirugía sincrónica del primario y las metástasis; la técnica utilizada fue segmentectomía anatómica en 10 pacientes (58,8 por ciento) y resección anatómica mayor los siete restantes (41,2 por ciento). En 15 pacientes (88,2 por ciento) se logró borde quirúrgico libre de tumor, tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones postoperatorias y en tres hubo recidiva de la lesión hepática. No hubo mortalidad operatoria. Tras un seguimiento de 21 meses (rango, 9-56) la supervivencia al año, a los dos y a los tres años fue de 85 por ciento, 51 por ciento y 51 por ciento respectivamente. Discusión: El tratamiento quirúrgico de los pacientes con metástasis hepáticas de origen no colorrectal ni neuroendocrino es seguro y parece beneficioso en pacientes seleccionados, con baja tasa de complicaciones y con supervivencia favorable.